Violence Policy Center

VPC

IndexOnline News Press ReleasesFact SheetsPublicationsLinksHomeAbout VPC
Looking for something?
Who Dies? A Look at Firearms Death and Injury in America�Revised Edition

Endnotes

  1. Wendy Max and Dorothy P. Rice, "Shooting in the Dark: Estimating the Cost of Firearm Injuries," Health Affairs, Winter 1993.

  2. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  3. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  4. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  5. "Deaths resulting from firearm- and motor-vehicle-related injuries�United States, 1968-1991," MMWR, January 28, 1994, Vol. 43, No. 3. Year 2001 estimate based on an updated regression analysis that includes mortality data for 1968 through 1995.

  6. The five states where firearm deaths surpassed motor vehicle deaths in 1996 include: Alaska, Louisiana, Maryland, Nevada, and Virginia. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system. List compiled by the Violence Policy Center.

  7. "Rates of Homicide, Suicide and Firearm-Related Death Among Children�26 Industrialized Countries," MMWR, Vol. 46, No. 5, February 7, 1997.

  8. EG Krug, KE Powell, et al, "Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle-income countries," International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 27, 1998.

  9. Patrick A. Langan, PhD, and David P. Farrington, PhD, "Crime and Justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96," Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, October 1998, NCJ 169284.

  10. Kenneth W. Kizer, MD, MPH, "Hospitalization Charges, Costs, and Income for Firearm-Related Injuries at a University Trauma Center," JAMA, Vol. 273, No. 22, June 14, 1995.

  11. Ted R. Miller, PhD and Mark A. Cohen, PhD, "Costs," in The Textbook of Penetrating Trauma, Rao R. Ivatury, MD, MS (SURG), FACS, FRCS (C), and C. Gene Cayten, MD, MPH, FACS, eds., Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

  12. Brandon S. Centerwall, MD, MPH, "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Domestic Homicide," JAMA, Vol. 273, No. 22, June 14, 1995.

  13. S. Patrick Kachur, MD, MPH; Lloyd B. Potter, PhD, MPH; et al, Suicide in the United States 1980-1992, Violence Surveillance Summary Series, No. 1, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia, 1995.

  14. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  15. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 1996: Uniform Crime Reports, U.S. Department of Justice.

  16. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  17. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  18. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  19. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  20. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  21. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  22. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  23. Lois A. Fingerhut, MA; Deborah D. Ingram, PhD; et al, "Homicide Rates Among US Teenagers and Young Adults: Differences by Mechanism, Level of Urbanization, Race, and Sex, 1987 Through 1995," JAMA, Vol. 280, No. 5, August 5, 1998.

  24. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  25. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  26. Charles M. Callahan, MD, MPH and Frederick P. Rivara, MD, MPH, "Urban High School Youth and Handguns: A School-Based Survey," JAMA, Vol. 267, No. 22, June 10, 1992, and Daniel W. Webster, ScD, MPH; Patricia S. Gainer, JD, MPA; et al, "Weapon Carrying among Inner-City Junior High School Students: Defensive Behavior vs Aggressive Delinquency," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 83, No. 11, November 1993.

  27. Charles M. Callahan, MD, MPH and Frederick P. Rivara, MD, MPH, "Urban High School Youth and Handguns: A School-Based Survey," JAMA, Vol. 267, No. 22, June 10, 1992.

  28. Brandon S. Centerwall, MD, MPH, "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Domestic Homicide," JAMA, Vol. 273, No. 22, June 14, 1995.

  29. Lois A. Fingerhut, MA and Joel C. Kleinman, PhD, "International and Interstate Comparisons of Homicide Among Young Males," JAMA, Vol. 263, No. 24, June 27, 1990 and National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  30. "Rates of Homicide, Suicide and Firearm-Related Death Among Children�26 Industrialized Countries," MMWR, Vol. 46, No. 5, February 7, 1997.

  31. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  32. Lois A. Fingerhut, MA and Joel C. Kleinman, PhD, "International and Interstate Comparisons of Homicide Among Young Males," JAMA, Vol. 263, No. 24, June 27, 1990.

  33. Kenneth Tardiff, MD, MPH; Peter M. Marzuk, MD; et al, "Homicide in New York City: Cocaine Use and Firearms," JAMA, Vol. 272, No. 1, July 6, 1994.

  34. Lois A. Fingerhut, MA; Deborah D. Ingram, PhD; et al, "Homicide Rates Among US Teenagers and Young Adults: Differences by Mechanism, Level of Urbanization, Race, and Sex, 1987 Through 1995," JAMA, Vol. 280, No. 5, August 5, 1998.

  35. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  36. "Suicide Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults�United States, 1980-1992," MMWR, Vol. 44, No. 15, April 21, 1995.

  37. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  38. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  39. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system, and U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  40. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  41. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system, and U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  42. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  43. John L. McIntosh, PhD, "Older Adults: The Next Suicide Epidemic?" Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, Vol. 22, No. 3, Fall 1992.

  44. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  45. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  46. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system, National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths, and U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  47. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system, and U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  48. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  49. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  50. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  51. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  52. When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 1996 Homicide Data, Violence Policy Center, October 1998.

  53. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  54. S. Patrick Kachur, MD, MPH; Lloyd B. Potter, PhD, MPH; et al, Suicide in the United States 1980-1992, Violence Surveillance Summary Series, No. 1, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia, 1995.

  55. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  56. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  57. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 9, November 10, 1998.

  58. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  59. James E. Bailey, MD, MPH; Arthur L. Kellermann, MD, MPH; et al, "Risk Factors for Violent Death of Women in the Home," Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 157, April 14, 1997.

  60. Arthur L. Kellermann; Roberta K. Lee; et al, "The Epidemiologic Basis for the Prevention of Firearm Injuries," Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 12, 1991.

  61. Kimberly D. Peters; Kenneth D. Kochanek, MA; et al, "Deaths: Final Data for 1996," National Vital Statistics Reports, November 10, 1998, Vol. 47, No. 9, and National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths.

  62. Margaret E. Adamek, PhD, and Mark S. Kaplan, DrPH, "The Growing Use of Firearms by Suicidal Older Women, 1979-1992: A Research Note," Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 1, Spring 1996.

  63. David A. Casey, MD, "Suicide in the Elderly: A Two-Year Study of Data From Death Certificates," Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 84, No. 10, October 1991.

  64. Susan B. Sorenson, PhD, "Suicide among the Elderly: Issues Facing Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 81, No. 9, September 1991.

  65. Arthur L. Kellermann; Roberta K. Lee; et al, "The Epidemiologic Basis for the Prevention of Firearm Injuries," Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 12, 1991.

  66. Susan B. Sorenson, PhD, "Suicide among the Elderly: Issues Facing Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 81, No. 9, September 1991.

  67. "Rates of Homicide, Suicide and Firearm-Related Death Among Children�26 Industrialized Countries," MMWR Vol. 46, No. 5, February 7, 1997.

  68. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  69. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  70. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  71. Nancy Sinauer, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Unintentional, Nonfatal Firearm-Related Injuries: A Preventable Public Health Burden," JAMA, Vol. 275, No. 22, June 12, 1996.

  72. National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File, accessed through the CDC Wonder system.

  73. James E. Svenson, MD, MSc; Carl Spurlock, PhD; et al, "Pediatric Firearm-Related Fatalities: Not Just an Urban Problem," Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, Vol. 150, June 1996.

  74. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data Tapes for number of deaths; U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates.

  75. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  76. Nancy Sinauer, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Unintentional, Nonfatal Firearm-Related Injuries: A Preventable Public Health Burden," JAMA, Vol. 275, No. 22, June 12, 1996.

  77. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  78. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  79. Darci Cherry, MPH; Joseph L. Annest, PhD; et al, "Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injury Rates in the United States, 1985-1995," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1998.

  80. Wendy Max and Dorothy P. Rice, "Shooting in the Dark: Estimating the Cost of Firearm Injuries," Health Affairs, Winter 1993.

  81. Kenneth W. Kizer, MD, MPH, "Hospitalization Charges, Costs, and Income for Firearm-Related Injuries at a University Trauma Center," JAMA, Vol. 273, No. 22, June 14, 1995.

  82. Ted R. Miller, PhD and Mark A. Cohen, PhD, "Costs," in The Textbook of Penetrating Trauma, Rao R. Ivatury and C. Gene Cayten, eds., Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

  83. Wendy Max and Dorothy P. Rice, "Shooting in the Dark: Estimating the Cost of Firearm Injuries," Health Affairs, Winter 1993.

  84. Donald D. Trunkey, "Impact Of Violence On The Nation's Trauma Care," Health Affairs, Winter 1993.

  85. Donald D. Trunkey, "Impact Of Violence On The Nation's Trauma Care," Health Affairs, Winter 1993.


Back to Who Dies? Table of Contents







All contents � 1999 Violence Policy Center