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Poisonous Pastime
The Health Risks of Shooting Ranges and Lead to Children, Families,
and the Environment
Endnotes
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 107.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 143.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993),
p. 34.
- Jonathan Beard,
"Fill ‘em full of tungsten," New Scientist, December 2, 1995,
p. 25.
- See, e.g., Deborah
W. Denno, "A Response To ‘Childhood Lead Poisoning As A Criminal Defense:
An Examination of the Research,'" Mealey's Litigation Reports,
August 28, 1998; Andrew Rubin, "Researcher says poisoning contributed
to shooting spree," UPI, 1 August 1986.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 73.
- Unless otherwise
indicated, this general description of the health effects of lead
is based on the following sources: David E. Jacobs, "The Health Effects
of Lead on the Human Body," Lead Perspectives, November/December
1996, 10; Public Health Statement: Lead (Atlanta, GA: Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1990); U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Lead
and Compounds, downloaded from Internet web site, May 16, 2000;
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "Health Hazard
Data" in Appendix A, 29 CFR Sec. 1910.1025.
- Unless otherwise
noted, this general description of the health effects of lead on children
is based on the following sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Preventing
Lead Poisoning in Young Children (October 1, 1991), and David
E. Jacobs, "The Health Effects of Lead on the Human Body," Lead
Perspectives, November/December 1996, 10.
- Stephanie Raphael,
"Get the lead out!" Business First-Louisville, April 11, 1994,
p. 37.
- U.S. Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, "Health Hazard Data" in Appendix
A, 29 CFR Sec. 1910.1025.
- See generally,
Deborah W. Denno, Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Jane E. Brody, "Aggressiveness
and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones," New York Times,
7 February 1996, p. C9.
- Deborah W. Denno,
"A Response To ‘Childhood Lead Poisoning As A Criminal Defense: An
Examination of the Research,'" Mealey's Litigation Reports,
August 28, 1998 ("...the scientific question becomes—is there a statistically
significant association between the independent variable (lead poisoning)
and the dependent variable (crime) while controlling for other, potentially
influential variables? The results of the Biosocial Study strongly
suggest that such a relationship exists, making no claim that it exists
for each and every individual.").
- Deborah W. Denno,
Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1990).
- Jane E. Brody,
"Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,"
New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9.
- Herbert L. Needleman
et al., "Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior," Journal of
the American Medical Association 275 (February 7, 1996): 363.
- Jane E. Brody,
"Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,"
New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9.
- Jane E. Brody,
"Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,"
New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9.
- Andrew Rubin,
"Researcher says poisoning contributed to shooting spree," UPI,
1 August 1986.
- Kurt Kleiner,
"Good news for ducks," New Scientist, August 30, 1997, p. 11.
- Jeff Coen, "Ill
Birds Reported near Sportsman's Park," Chicago Tribune, 30
July 1999, p. 3.
- Ted Kerasote,
"The sportsman's choice: regular or unleaded? Effect of lead shot
on wildlife and measures for preventing it," Sports Afield,
December 22, 1997, p. 20.
- Kurt Kleiner,
"Good news for ducks," New Scientist, August 30, 1997, p. 11.
- Sarah E. Valway
et al., "Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users," American
Journal of Public Health 79 (August 1989): 1029.
- Ted Kerasote,
"The sportsman's choice: regular or unleaded? Effect of lead shot
on wildlife and measures for preventing it," Sports Afield,
December 22, 1997, p. 20.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 146.
- See, e.g., Philip
J. Landrigan et al., "Chronic Lead Absorption: Result of Poor Ventilation
in an Indoor Pistol Range," Journal of the American Medical Association
234, no. 4 (1975): 394.
- Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division
of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Hazard,
downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/
Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET.
- Shawne K. Wickham,
"Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases," New Hampshire Sunday
News, 20 February 1994, p. A1.
- See, e.g., Philip
J. Landrigan et al., "Chronic Lead Absorption: Result of Poor Ventilation
in an Indoor Pistol Range," Journal of the American Medical Association
234, no. 4 (1975): 394; Thomas L. Anania and Joseph A. Seta, Lead
Exposure and Design Considerations for Indoor Firing Ranges (Washington,
DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1975);
Karl E. Anderson et al., "Plumbism from Airborne Lead in a Firing
Range," The American Journal of Medicine 63 (August 1977):
306; A. Fischbein et al., "Exposure to Lead in Firing Ranges," Journal
of the American Medical Association 241, no. 11 (1979): 1141;
S.A. Lee, "Reducing Airborne Lead Exposures in Indoor Firing Ranges,"
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February 1986, p. 15; Sarah E. Valway
et al., "Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users," American
Journal of Public Health 79 (August 1989): 1029; "Gun buffs risk
loading lungs with lead," Science News, August 19, 1989, p.
126; T. Chau et al., "Chronic Lead Intoxication at an Indoor Firing
Range in Taiwan," letter to the editor, Clinical Toxicology
33, no. 4 (1995): 371; Burhan A. Abudhaise et al., "Lead Exposure
in Indoor Firing Ranges: Environmental Impact and Health Risk to the
Range Users," International Journal of Occupational Medicine and
Environmental Health 9, no. 4 (1996): 323. The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health has also conducted a number of
on-site "health hazard evaluations" at law enforcement firing ranges.
See, e.g., "Lead Health Hazard Evaluation: FBI Academy, Quantico,
Virginia," HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996); David C. Sylvain, "NIOSH
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Dartmouth Police Department," HETA
96-0107-2613 (December 1996).
- Ted N. Busch,
"Shooting Range Ventilation Progress Report," The Police Chief,
December 1976, p. 40.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91.
- California Department
of Health Services, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program,
Blood Lead Levels in California Workers: 1993-1994 (September
1997), p. 21.
- See numerous
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health "health hazard
evaluations" at law enforcement firing ranges, including, for example,
"Lead Health Hazard Evaluation: FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia,"
HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996), and "NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation
Report: Dartmouth Police Department," HETA 96-0107-2613 (December
1996); and, Dee Anne Traitel, "Chula Vista police take measures to
block lead taint in firing range," The San Diego Union-Tribune,
29 May 1987; "Police Firing Range Closed Because of Fumes," The
Associated Press, 29 May 1984.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 83-85; see also, National Rifle Association of America,
The Range Manual: A Guide to Planning and Construction (Rev.
12/89), Section 1, Chapter 1, p. 24, paragraph 5.01.2.1(e).
- For plain language
discussions of these risks, see Texas Department of Health, Firing
Ranges: The Airborne Lead Dust Hazard, Employer's Guide (March
1996); Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce
Development, Division of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The
Airborne Lead Hazard, downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/
Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET.
- Second Amendment
Foundation News Release, "New Lead Recycling System Helps School Reclaim
Range," January 10, 1998, downloaded February 15, 1998, from www.saf.org/pub/rkba/hindsight/rec.html;
INTERNET.
- Shawne K. Wickham,
"Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases," New Hampshire Sunday News,
20 February 1994, p. A1; "Police Attend Service," The Union Leader,
8 June 1990, p. 5.
- "Shooting Range
Worker Given Another Chance To Pursue Workers' Comp Claim," Mealey's
Litigation Reports 5, no. 7 (1996).
- Richard J. Sagall,
"Shooting for lead poisoning; contaminated air in indoor shooting
ranges," Pediatrics for Parents, October 9, 1988, 5.
- Karl E. Anderson
et al., "Plumbism from Airborne Lead in a Firing Range," The American
Journal of Medicine 63 (August 1977): 306.
- Letter to Tom
Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention
Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services
(May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center.
- Letter to Tom
Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention
Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services
(May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center.
- "Lead Poisoning
in Adolescents Who Are Competitive Marksmen," letter to the editor
from Michael Shannon, MD, MPH, The New England Journal of Medicine
341, no. 11 (1999).
- "Firing Ranges
‘A Lead Hazard,'" The Guardian (London), 1 April 1994, p.6.
- Sarah E. Valway
et al., "Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users," American Journal
of Public Health 79, no. 8 (1989): 1029; "Gun buffs risk loading lungs
with lead," Science News, August 19, 1989, p. 126.
- Sarah E. Valway
et al., "Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users," American
Journal of Public Health 79, no. 8 (1989): 1032.
- See, e.g., California
Department of Health Services, Don't take lead home from your job!,
downloaded May 24, 2000, from www.ohb.org/leadhome.htm; INTERNET.
- Richard J. Sagall,
"Shooting for lead poisoning; contaminated air in indoor shooting
ranges," Pediatrics for Parents, October 9, 1988, p. 5.
- Shawne K. Wickham,
"Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases," New Hampshire Sunday
News, 20 February 1994, p. A1.
- National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, "Lead Health Hazard Evaluation:
FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia," HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996).
- Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division
of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Hazard,
downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/
Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET; Brian O'Rourke, "Indoor firing range ventilation
system," Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, October 1992, p.
77.
- See, e.g., Ralph
R. Ortega, "Powder in town hall duct was lead, tests indicate," Asbury
Park Press (Neptune, NJ), 27 March 1998, p. 2.
- Sue Landry, "Children
tested for lead," St. Petersburg Times, 7 January 1992, p.
1 and "Lead found in play area at day care," St. Petersburg Times,
4 January 1992, p. 1.
- Letter to Tom
Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention
Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services
(May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center.
- "Disarming Tradition;
Schools' Rifle Teams Come Under Scrutiny," Chicago Tribune,
5 November 1999, p. 1.
- Justin Quinn,
"Rifle teams looking to get the lead out," Intelligencer Journal
(Lancaster, Pa.), 19 February 2000, p. A1; Civia Katz, "Exposure to
lead silences rifle teams: Students at Manheim Twp., other schools
have high lead levels," Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, Pa.),
20 November 1999, p. A1.
- John T. McQuiston,
"Lead Detected in Rifle Range Brings Closing of L.I. School," New
York Times, 12 November 1999, p. B6.
- "Hazard Tests
urged at School Rifle Ranges," New York Times, 16 November
1999, p. B8; "Two more schools with rifle ranges close for lead testing,"
The Associated Press State & Local Wire, 16 November 1999.
- Frank Eltman,
"School rifle teams in spotlight amid spate of school shootings,"
Associated Press State & Local Wire, 22 November 1999; Megan
O'Matz, "Disarming Tradition; Schools' Rifle Teams Come Under Scrutiny,"
Chicago Tribune, 5 November 1999, p. 1; "School shooting endangers
rifle teams," Associated Press State & Local Wire, 17 May 1999.
- Don Stancavish,
"Ambushed, Gun Club Says; Evicted by School Board ‘Out of the Blue,'"
The Record (Bergen County, New Jersey), 14 July 1998, p. L1.
- Stephanie Raphael,
"Get the lead out!" Business First-Louisville, 11 April 1994,
p. 37.
- National Shooting
Sports Foundation, A Strategic Analysis of the Shooting Sports
Industry: "Phase One" Report (undated).
- J. Scott Rupp,
"Franchising the Indoor Range," American Rifleman, May 1989,
37.
- Tetra Tech EM,
Inc, undated promotional brochure titled Small Arms Firing Range
Management: Comprehensive Engineering, Environmental, Safety, and
Health Consulting Services, p. 3. (Distributed at 2000 NRA Convention.)
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 203.
- See, "EPA and
Westchester County agreement for shooting range cleanup is first in
United States," Business Wire, February 7, 1994.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 204-205.
- National Shooting
Sports Foundation, Environmental Aspects of Construction and Management
of Outdoor Shooting Ranges (Newtown, CT: NSSF, 1997), p. E-1,
fn.1.
- See, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water
Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division,
"Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility," dated November
30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center.
- See, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water
Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division,
"Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility," dated November
30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center.
- Linda Young,
"Park Shooting Range Reopens After State Conducts Lead Tests," Chicago
Tribune, 17 June 1997, p. 3.
- Stacy St. Clair,
"Federal agency points to lead hazard at Sportsman's Naperville shooting
range," Chicago Daily Herald, 6 February 1999, p. 4; Dan Rozek,
"Lead at gun range no health risk—EPA," Chicago Sun-Times,
17 June 1997, p. 13; Linda Young, "Park Shooting Range Reopens After
State Conducts Lead Tests," Chicago Tribune, 17 June 1997,
p. 3.
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water
Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division,
"Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility," dated November
30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center; Kevin Barrett, "IEPA
says gun range will stay shuttered if lead shot is used," Chicago
Daily Herald, 22 October 1999, p. 4; Jeff Coen, "Ill Birds Reported
Near Sportsman's Park," Chicago Tribune, 30 July 1999, p. 3.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 79, 87.
- See, "Lessons
from Lordship," North American Hunting Club, National Shooting
Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 73-79.
- Conn. Coastal
Fishermen's Assoc. v. Remington Arms Co., Inc. 989 F.2d 1305,
1308 (2d Cir. 1993).
- Environmental
Aspects of Construction and Management of Outdoor Shooting Ranges
(Newtown, CT: NSSF, 1997), p. I-9, 10.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 87.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 84.
- "Soil cleanup
firm starts first U.S. project," Eco-Log Week 23, no. 15 (1995).
- Gretchen Schuldt,
"Firms reach cleanup deal for ex-Playboy Club site," Milwaukee
Journal Sentinel, 2 October 1998, p. 2.
- "Mass DEP Inherits
Cleanup Headache After Buying Skeet Shooting Range," Hazardous
Waste News 21, no. 16 (1999).
- Beth Glenn,
"Kids' play area causes problem for Port Richey," St. Petersburg
Times, 20 July 1998, p. 1.
- Edward Filo,
"Range Cleanup at Final Phase," The Stuart News/Port St. Lucie
News (Stuart, FL), 20 July 1999.
- Amylia Wimmer,
"Pistol range will not need cleanup—yet," St. Petersburg Times,
3 December 1996, p. 1; "Shooting over, but lead still on range," St.
Petersburg Times, 17 November 1996, p. 1.
- Steve Scheibal,
"No Cease-Fire Between Brea, Half-Acre Owner Is in Sight," Los
Angeles Times, 11 February 1995, p. B1; "Pistol-range land subject
of lawsuit," The Orange County Register, 10 February 1995,
p. B7.
- Tom Breckenridge,
"Gun Club's Lead Worries State," The Plain Dealer, 26 August
1993, p. B1.
- For other examples
see, Evadna Bartlett, "Putnam shooting range gets reprieve," Charleston
Daily Mail, 7 April 2000, p. C7; David Pedreira, "Pistol range
cleanup cost up by third," The Tampa Tribune, 24 August 1999, p. 4;
Robert Sarti, "Shooting ranges toxic, study finds: Costs to clean
up residues left at the gun ranges on Burnaby Mountain are estimated
at $3 million," The Vancouver Sun, 17 January 1998, p. B1;
Bill Harmon, "Spent bullets may prove lethal for school site," The
Tampa Tribune, 1 January 1998, p. 1; Chris Brennan, "Gun Range
Targeted," The Ledger (Lakeland, FL), 29 December 1997, p.
B1; Jim DiPaola, "Shooting Range To Get Cleanup," Sun-Sentinel
(Ft. Lauderdale, FL) 16 December 1997, p. B1; Kathy Glasgow, "Capital
Punishment; Citing a flood of red ink, officials draw a bead on Dade's
only public gun range," Miami New Times, 3 July 1997; Jennifer
Peltz, "Officials: Bullet Lead Can Contaminate Water," Palm Beach
Post, 5 February 1997, p. B1; "Chicagoans Spar Over Gun Club's
Pollution," New York Times, 16 December 1991, p. A17.
- For a general
discussion of NEPA see "NEPA: A Primer," in International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National
Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 165-66.
- "EPA and Westchester
County agreement for shooting range cleanup is first in United States,"
Business Wire, February 7, 1994.
- Rae Tyson, "Environmental
issues hit shooting ranges; ‘Lead is a four-letter word' now," USA
Today, 6 July 1993, p. 7A.
- Charles Nicodemus,
"State knew of asbestos," Chicago Sun-Times, 10 April 2000,
p. 1.
- Carl Weiser,
"EPA gets lead out on dead swan site," Gannett News Service,
3 May 1999; "EPA identifies site where lead poisoned swans," Gannett
News Service, 21 April 1999; and, "EPA hiding ownership of cleanup
site in Sussex County," Gannett News Service, 20 April 1999.
- "Officials:
Skeet range polluted wildlife refuge," Associated Press State &
Local Wire, 13 January 2000.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 89.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 5.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 34.
- See, e.g., Blanca
Monica Quintanilla, "Petition Follows Mystery Bullet; Boy Scout's
family on a mission," Newsday, June 18, 1998; Tara Trower,
"Safety of gun ranges questioned; Residents angry over stray bullets,"
Austin American-Statesman, 4 March 1997, p. B1; Mary K. Henderberg,
"Shot Accidentally," Wayne County Star (Lyons, NY), 12 June
1996; Christine L. Peterson, "$500,000 claim filed over errant bullet,"
The Orange County Register, 26 July 1996, p. B5.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 63.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 197.
- Berkley Hudson,
"Forest Report Cites Wildfire Threat," Los Angeles Times, 20
January 1991, p. J3.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 90.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 178.
- John S. Scull,
"Another Range Gone," American Rifleman, February 1992, 12,
78.
- John S. Scull,
"Another Range Gone," American Rifleman, February 1992, 12,
78.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 171-72.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 171-72.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 139.
- See, e.g., Matt
Lait, "Crews Gain Ground on Mountain Fire," Los Angeles Times,
15 September 1997, p. A3.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 146.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 139.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993),
p. 144.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 186.
- "Shooting range
might not be free much longer," Associated Press State & Local
Wire, 19 December 1998.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993),
p. 202.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 77.
- See remarks
of attorney Anne Kimball on range hiring standards in International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p.147.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 149.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91; "Noise and Night
Shooting," Letter from John Oppenheimer, Guns & Ammo, January
1991.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 108.
- National Rifle
Association of America, The Range Manual: A Guide to Planning and
Construction (Rev. 12/89), Section 1, Chapter 1, p. 8, paragraph
3.02.2.1.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 127.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 201.
- First National
Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment
to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting
Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991).
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 25.
- Industry Watch,
Shooting Industry, October 1994, 70.
- Nick Peluso,
"Firearms Safety Course?," letter to the magazine, Guns & Ammo,
March 1986, 8.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 162-63.
- Gary Klien,
"Teen kills himself at gun range; Third suicide in four years at San
Rafael site," Marin Independent Journal, 26 June 1998; "Woman
shoots herself at indoor firing range," Orange County Register,
24 January 1997; Martha Irvine, "Shooting-Range Suicides Trigger Questions
on Gun-Rental Restrictions," Los Angeles Times, 27 October
1996, p. B4; "Man Rents Gun, Kills Himself," Sacramento Bee,
3 October 1996, p. B2; Donna Horowitz, "Suicides haunting gun range
owners," San Francisco Examiner, 23 September 1996, p. A1;
Marshall Wilson, "3rd Gun Range Suicide in Bay Area This Month," San
Francisco Chronicle, 18 September 1996; Ray Delgado, "Suicides
halt gun rentals at 2 ranges," San Francisco Examiner, 18 September
1996; "Suburban Digest," Denver Post, 12 July 1996; Michael
O'Keeffe, "Shot in head kills man at firing range," Rocky Mountain
News, 6 July 1996, p. A34; "Firing Range Death Investigated as
Suicide," Tulsa World, 4 June 1996, p. A12; Peter Hecht, "Big
Check in Bizarre Suicide Believed to be Racial Slur," Sacramento
Bee, 29 February 1996; Michael Taylor, "Neo-Nazi Wrote Suicide
Note to Gun," San Francisco Chronicle, 28 February 1996, p.
A2; "Woman Dies After Firing Range Shooting," The Columbian,
14 June 1995; "Woman Shoots Herself," Columbian, 13 June 1995;
"Man takes own life at shooting range," Orange County Register,
28 March 1995, p. A5; Jeff Collins, "Customers' suicides haunt firing
ranges," Orange County Register, 1 May 1993, p. B1; "Man kills
himself at firing range," Washington Times, 7 July 1992, p.
B2; "Man Rents Gun, Kills Self at Target Range," Los Angeles Times,
14 June 1991, p. B7; "Gunshot wound fatal," San Diego Union-Tribune,
14 October 1989, p. B4; Janet DeStefano, "Garfield Refuses to Allow
Shooting Range to Reopen," Record (Bergen, NJ), 13 June 1986,
p. B4; Christian Wihtol, "State Police to Investigate Firing Range,"
Record (Bergen, NJ), 7 May 1986, p. C1.
- See, e.g., "Auxiliary
Officer is Wounded at Firing Range," St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
24 October 1996, p. A12; "Accidental shooting," San Diego Union-Tribune,
17 April 1986, p. B16; "Death at Shooting Range In Newton Ruled Accidental,"
Union Leader, 13 July 1995, p. A5; "After Shooting, Firing
Range Closed," Morning Call (Allentown), 31 March 1995, p.
B2.
- "Two Die at
Firing Range," New York Times, 23 February 1995, p. A21; "Slaying-Suicide
at Firing Range," Sacramento Bee, 22 February 1995, p. B3.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 147.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 200.
- Tom Uhlenbrock,
"Gun Ranges Considering New Rules," St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
2 July 1989, p. B1.
- "NRA Opposes
Restrictions Placed on Automatic Firearms," American Rifleman,
September 1986, p. 55.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 108.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 130.
- Tara Trower,
"Safety of gun ranges questioned; Residents angry over stray bullets,"
Austin American-Statesman, 4 March 1997, p. B1.
- Tess Nacelewicz,
"Gun Club Gets Renewed Complaints," Portland Press Herald (Maine),
8 February 1999, p. B2.
- Dave DeValois,
"Shooting Ranges Under Fire," Des Moines Register, 2 December
1998.
- Pacurariu
v. Pennsylvania, 744 A.2d 389 (Commw. Ct. 2000); "Judge clears
way for lawsuit over Game Commission shooting range," Associated
Press State & Local Wire, 15 January 2000.
- James Thorner,
"Court shoots down lawsuit against gun range," St. Petersburg Times,
16 July 1999, p. 3.
- Jo Becker, "Collins'
vote on gun range questioned," St. Petersburg Times, 25 October
1998, p. 1; Stephen Hegarty, "Gun range rejected by county, " St.
Petersburg Times, 13 May 1992, p. 1.
- Kristin N. Sullivan,
"Gun club to cease firing on ranges at Lake Worth," Fort Worth
Star-Telegram, 17 March 1998; Paul Bourgeois, "Club builds fence
to add firing ranges' safety," Forth Worth Star-Telegram, 12
March 1997; "City to test for lead near rifle range," Forth Worth
Star-Telegram, 15 August 1996; "Gun club reaches agreement with
city," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 16 February 1996.
- See, for example,
Cathy Woodruff, "Training ground goes back to ground zero," Times
Union (Albany, NY), 12 May 2000; Kim L. Hooper, "Lead pollution
worries well owners," Indianapolis Star, 29 February 2000;
Kevin Clapp, "Shooting range plans scrapped," Capital (Annapolis,
MD), 26 January 2000; "Residents see red over proposed shooting range,"
Associated Press State & Local Wire, 3 January 2000; "Gun Club
Gets Renewed Complaints," Portland Press Herald, 8 February
1999; Maria Camacho, "Residents Gun Shy Over Plan for Range," Miami
Herald, 8 January 1998; "Residents slam revised firing range,"
News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), 21 October 1997, p. B4; "Taneytown
Rod & Gun to get another chance to make case for shooting ranges at
farm," Baltimore Sun, 21 July 1997, p. B4; "Taneytown Rod and
Gun Club to appeal decision on firing ranges in Frederick County on
July 22," Baltimore Sun, 27 June 1997; Donna R. Engle, "Taneytown
gun club resumes range fight," Baltimore Sun, 27 May 1997;
Candice Chung, "ACHD shoots down plan for rifle range," Idaho Statesman,
27 May 1997; "Partial OK given for firing range work," Patriot
Ledger (Quincy, MA), 17 January 1997; Tracy Everbach, "Drawing
fire; Planned gun range near youth center sparks controversy," Dallas
Morning News, 9 March 1995, p. A29; Patti Muck, "Shooting range
set to reopen as agreement reached on suit," Houston Chronicle,
25 May 1995, p. A36 and "Living under fire; Families struggle with
gun range and its waste," Houston Chronicle, 20 November 1994,
p. A37; Bill Loftus, "Lewis-Clark Wildlife Club No Home for the Range,"
Lewiston Morning Tribune, 6 February 1992; "Complaints Reverberate
Among Neighbors of Gun Range," Los Angeles Times, 27 December
1989; Susan Chira, "State Plan for Rifle Range Stirring Dispute,"
New York Times, 4 December 1983.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 144-145.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 152.
- See remarks
of NRA general counsel Michael K. McCabe in International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National
Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 155-56.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 154.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 108.
- See, William
C. Wagner III, "Maintaining Good Neighbor Relations," International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 125.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 15.
- Grant Agreement
between U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (26 June 1990), par. II; undated federal
aid proposal titled "Symposium for Shooting Range Development and
Shooting Sports," par. 2, from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant
files.
- Appendix I "Hunter
Education Council Membership," attached to undated federal aid proposal
titled "Symposium for Shooting Range Development and Shooting Sports,"
from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant files. Other Council members
included various private groups interested in wildlife and outdoor
sports, such as the American Archery Council, the Izaak Walton League,
the Wildlife Management Institute, and other federal government agencies:
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Extension Service and Forest
Service, and the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management.
- Grant Agreement
between U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (26 June 1990), par. II; undated federal
aid proposal titled "Symposium for Shooting Range Development and
Shooting Sports," par. 2, from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant
files.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 111.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 111.
- Memorandum from
James M. Norine, Secretary, NRA Hunting and Wildlife Conservation
Committee, to Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Committee and Guests,
December 21, 1989, and attached "final" agenda, in files of Violence
Policy Center.
- First National
Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment
to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting
Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991). Two other groups—The
Izaak Walton League of America and the American Archery Council—donated
$1,000 each.
- Various grant-related
documents in the files of the Violence Policy Center, obtained from
the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service under the Freedom of Information
Act.
- U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service "Acquisition Request" approved January 22, 1993,
in the amount of $105,000 for grant to International Association;
"Grant Tracking Form," dated February 7, 1995.
- U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service "Acquisition Request" approved February 13, 1995,
in the amount of $150,080 for grant to International Association;
"Modification of Contract" approved June 14, 1996, increasing award
by $24,500; "Grant Tracking Form" dated December 17, 1996, showing
funds disbursed.
- Letter from
Don MacLauchlan, International Resource Director, International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Mr. Gene Stevenson [sic], Division
of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, dated May 6, 1996, requesting
$24,500 increase; "Modification of Contract" approved June 14, 1996,
increasing award by $24,500; "Grant Tracking Form" dated December
17, 1996, showing funds disbursed. (The official in question actually
spells his name "Stephenson.")
- U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service "Project Review Summary" form for "The Second National
Shooting Range Symposium," undated, signed by "Stephenson."
- Letter from
Don MacLauchlan, International Resource Director, International Association
of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Mr. Gene Stevenson [sic], Division
of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, dated May 6, 1996. (The
official in question actually spells his name "Stephenson.")
- First National
Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment
to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting
Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991).
- "Income Projection,"
in attachment to letter from Mark J. Reeff, Resource Director, International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Ms. Ramona Polk, Division
of Contracting and General Services, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
dated June 29, 1995.
- See, e.g., "Groups
Set Shooting Range Talks," Firearms Business, February 1, 1996,
p. 5 (event is "held every three years").
- Letter to Mr.
Gene Stevenson (sic), U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, from Don MacLauchlan,
International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, November
19, 1996 (emphasis added). (The official in question actually spells
his name "Stephenson.")
- Attachment,
Memorandum to Director of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
from Acting Regional Director, Region 5, November 10, 1994.
- Memorandum to
Director of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, from Acting
Regional Director, Region 5, November 10, 1994.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), pp. 3-4.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 107.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 88.
- International
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First
National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91.
- North American
Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings
(1993), p. 35-36.
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that conducts research on violence in America and works to develop violence-reduction
policies and proposals. The Center examines the role of firearms in America,
conducts research on firearms violence, and explores new ways to decrease
firearm-related death and injury. |