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Sitting Ducks
The Threat to the Chemical and Refinery
Industry From 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles
Endnotes
- "Study Assesses
Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant," The Washington Post, 12
March 2002, p. A8; "Chemical Plants Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ
on Ways To Avert Catastrophe," The Washington Post, 16 December
2001, p. A1; "US chemical plants and refineries given an urgent call
to improving security against potential use by terrorists," NBC
Nightly News, transcript, 15 December 2001.
- "Study Assesses
Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant," The Washington Post, 12
March 2002, p. A8.
- "Chemical Plants
Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ on Ways To Avert Catastrophe,"
The Washington Post, 16 December 2001, p. A1.
- "Chemical Plants
Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ on Ways To Avert Catastrophe,"
The Washington Post, 16 December 2001, p. A1.
- First Annual
Report of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities
for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the
Threat, submitted to the President and the Congress on 15 December
1999, 28, reprint downloaded from http://www.rand.org/organization/nsrd/terrpanel;
INTERNET.
- "Bhopal Disaster
Spurs U.S. Industry, Legislative Action," U.S. Chemical Safety
and Hazard Investigation Board, downloaded June 19, 2001, from
http://www. chemsafety.gov/lib/bhopal/01.htm; INTERNET.
- "US chemical
plants and refineries given an urgent call to improving security against
potential use by terrorists," NBC Nightly News, transcript,
15 December 2001.
- "Study Assesses
Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant," The Washington Post, 12
March 2002, p. A8.
- Mike Taugher,
"Legislators tackling risk of terror attacks on chemical storage sites,"
Contra Costa Times, 8 March 2002.
- "Terror-proofing
CPI plants: store chemicals properly, limit access to control rooms
and screen employees. These are easy steps. The challenge is going
beyond the obvious," Chemical Engineering, 1 January 2002,
27.
- "US ACC to have
new chemicals plant security plan in June," Chemical News & Intelligence,
30 January 2002.
- American Chemistry
Council et al., Site Security Guidelines for the U.S. Chemical
Industry, October 2001, 5.
- U.S. Department
of the Army, Field Manual 90-10-1, An Infantryman's Guide to Combat
in Built-Up Areas (May 1993), Appendix J, "Countering Urban Snipers,"
J-2.
- "Heavy Firepower
for Light Infantry," Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure
advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in files of the
Violence Policy Center.
- In the files
of the Violence Policy Center.
- Violence Policy
Center, One Shot, One Kill: Civilian Sales of Military Sniper Rifles
(Washington, DC: May 1999): 3-11.
- Barry Sturk,
"The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition," The
Small Arms Review (March 2000): 46.
- "Heavy Firepower
for Light Infantry," Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure
advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in the files of
the Violence Policy Center.
- "A tale of two
fifties; 0.50-calibre sniper rifles gain popularity," International
Defense Review, 1 June 1994, 67.
- Promotional copy
at company Internet web site, http://www.auroratactical. com/m650.htm,
downloaded September 23, 2001.
- "Heavy Firepower
for Light Infantry," Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure
advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in files of the
Violence Policy Center.
- U.S. Department
of the Army, Field Manual 90-10-1, An Infantryman's Guide to Combat
in Built-Up Areas (May 1993), Appendix J, "Countering Urban Snipers,"
J-2.
- See, e.g., "Thefts
of Weapons From Army Bases Continue at High Rate," Cox News Service,
20 December 1997; "US Military Bases Targets of Federal Probe Into
Theft of More Than $13 Million in Military Hardware, Including Tanks,"
CBS Evening News, transcript, 2 October 1996.
- "Clandestine
trade in arms: a matter of ways and means," Jane's Intelligence
Review, 1 May 2000; "Army in guns plea; ‘Help us catch thieves
who raided armoury,'" Bristol (England) United Press, 14 April
2000.
- Mark V. Lonsdale,
Sniper II (Mark V. Lonsdale, 1995), 58.
- U.S. Department
of the Army, Field Manual 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50
HB, M2 (June 1991): Chapter 1-7(a)(3).
- See, e.g., Barry
Sturk, "The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition,"
The Small Arms Review (March 2000), 52.
- U.S. Department
of the Army, Field Manual 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50
HB, M2 (June 1991): Chapter 1-7(a)(4).
- Barry Sturk,
"The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition," The
Small Arms Review (March 2000), 51.
- "Saboted Light
Armor Penetrator (SLAP) Ammunition," United States Marine Corps
Fact File, downloaded June 29, 2001, from http://hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.
nsf/; INTERNET.
- "Winchester/Olin
Corporation-Small Calibre Ammunition," downloaded July 3, 2001, from
"Army Technology" at http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ ammuntion/winchester;
INTERNET.
- Mark V. Lonsdale,
Sniper II (Mark V. Lonsdale, 1995), 59.
- "Winchester/Olin
Corporation-Small Calibre Ammunition," downloaded July 3, 2001, from
"Army Technology" at http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ ammuntion/winchester;
INTERNET.
- NAMMO Raufoss
AS, "12,7 mm Ammunition Family," downloaded June 28, 2001, from http://nammo.com/medium_calibre/12,7mm/127mm.htm;
INTERNET.
- U.S. Marine Corps,
Department of the Navy, Marine Corps Warfighting Publication 3-35.3,
Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, Appendix B, "Employment
and Effects of Weapons," B-8.
- "Change driven
by new ammunition," International Defense Review, 1 June 1994,
71.
- See, e.g., "Before
Attack, U.S. Expected Different Hit: Chemical, Germ Agents Focus of
Preparations," The Washington Post, 2 October 2001, p. A1.
- "Britons Know
Price of Averting Terrorism at Home," The Washington Post,
29 September 2001, p. A16.
- See, e.g., "Defense
Secretary Warns of Unconventional Attacks," The New York Times,
1 October 2001; "Al Qaeda May Have Crude Chemical, Germ Capabilities,"
The Washington Post, 27 September 2001, p. A18; "Bin Laden
terror group tries to acquire chemical arms," The Washington Times,
26 September 2001, downloaded from www.washtimes.com; Bin Laden cohorts
said in arms quest; Weapons of mass destruction top list," The
Washington Times, 15 September 2001, p. A7; "Terror Master Sought
Chem Arms; Bin Laden Targeted G.I.s in Gulf," Daily News (New
York), 19 November 1998, p. 6.
- First Annual
Report of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities
for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the
Threat, submitted to the President and the Congress on 15 December
1999, 28, reprint downloaded from http://www.rand.org/organization/nsrd/terrpanel;
INTERNET.
- U.S. Department
of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other
Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis
Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, p. 2.
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, LEPCs and Deliberate Releases: Addressing Terrorist
Activities in the Local Emergency Plan, May 2001, 4.
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, LEPCs and Deliberate Releases: Addressing Terrorist
Activities in the Local Emergency Plan, May 2001, 4.
- U.S. Department
of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other
Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis
Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 2.
- "Agencies Scrub
Web Sites of Sensitive Chemical Data: Government Debates Safety Versus
Security," The Washington Post, 4 October 2001, p. A29.
- U.S. Department
of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other
Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis
Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 20.
- U.S. Department
of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other
Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis
Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 30.
- "White supremacists
sentenced in plot; 3 to serve federal terms for scheme to blow up
Wise County refinery," The Dallas Morning News, 24 January
1998, p. 31A.
- Statement of
Robert M. Burnham, Chief, Domestic Terrorism Section, on Potential
Effects of Electronic Dissemination of Chemical "Worst Case Scenarios"
Data, before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands,
Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, 16 March 1999.
- "Feared to be
targets, chemical plants on alert," The Charleston Gazette,
12 September 2001, p. 1C.
- "Feared to be
targets, chemical plants on alert," The Charleston Gazette,
12 September 2001, p. 1C.
- "Trucks Carrying
Dangerous Cargo Will Be Checked," The New York Times, 27 September
2001.
- "Your Reputation:
Is It Safe?" Material Handling Management, 1 October 2000,
11.
- Congressional
Research Service, RL 30228: Accident Prevention Under the Clean
Air Act Section 112(r): Risk Management Planning by Propane Users
and Internet Access to Worst-Case Accident Scenarios, 10 June
1999, footnote 2; "Fire in the Dawn Sky; An inferno kills hundreds
and devastates a teeming shantytown," Time, 3 December 1984,
28.
- "Blame shifts
in gas blast," Engineering News-Record, January 10, 1985, 12;
"Disaster in Mexico—Can It Happen Here?" U.S. News & World Report,
3 December 1984, 10.
- Prepared testimony
of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House
Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.
- Prepared testimony
of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House
Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.
- Prepared testimony
of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House
Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.
- "2 Men Held in
Alleged Plot to Bomb N. California Sites," Los Angeles Times,
8 December 1999, p. A1; "Targets of Opportunity: California Terrorist
Conspiracy Shows Industry's Vulnerability," Industrial Fire World,
Nov./Dec. 1999.
- "2 Men Held in
Alleged Plot to Bomb N. California Sites," Los Angeles Times,
8 December 1999, p. A1.
- "Ecoterrorism
fuels call for stiffer penalties," Maine Sunday Telegram, 13
May 2001, p. 1A.
- Prepared testimony
of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House
Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.
- "Bulk Plants
and Bulk Storage Tanks," Propane Emergencies Student Workbook,
6-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www.propanesafety.
com; INTERNET.
- U.S. Department
of Transportation, "Hazardous Materials: Cargo Tank Motor Vehicles
in Liquefied Compressed Gas Service; Revisions and Response to Petitions
for Reconsideration; Final Rule," Federal Register, vol. 62,
no. 159 (18 August 1997): 44037, 44039.
- "Bulk Transportation
Design and Construction Features," Propane Emergencies Student
Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www.
propanesafety.com; INTERNET.
- "Bulk Transportation
Design and Construction Features," Propane Emergencies Student
Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www.
propanesafety.com; INTERNET.
- "Bulk Transportation
Design and Construction Features," Propane Emergencies Student
Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www.
propanesafety.com; INTERNET.
- "Two anarchists
charged with attempted arson," The Oregonian, 24 June 2000,
p. A1.
- "Senators: Land,
Sea Open To Attack," AP Online, 2 October 2001.
- Hot Weather Stalls
Repairs to Temporary I-80 Bridge," The New York Times, 30 June
2001, p. B6; "Route 80 Crippled; 3-Truck Crash, Intense Fire Close
Section of Highway," The Record (Bergen County, NJ), 23 June
2001, p. A1.
- "Aged Middle
Atlantic rail system rife with bottlenecks," The Associated Press
State & Local Wire, 28 July 2001.
- "Fire in Baltimore
Snarls Internet Traffic, Too," The New York Times, 20 July
2001, p. A15.
- "Chemical Experts
Take the Acid Test; Tunnel Spill Spurs High-Stakes Mission," The
Washington Post, 20 July 2001, p. A14.
- "Tanker explodes
near Hart Bridge," The Florida Times-Union, 13 August 2000,
p. B1; "Gas tankers explode, shut down highway," The Associated
Press State & Local Wire, 2 August 2000.
- "Fiery collision
kills truck driver; Firefighters had to let the flames from the crash
die out so that spilled ammonium nitrate would stay unaffected," Sarasota
Herald-Tribune, 29 June 2000, p. BM1.
- See, e.g., Safe
Hometowns Initiative, The Safe Hometowns Guide (2002), 4-8
(noting threat from 50 caliber rifles).
- See, e.g., Safe
Hometowns Initiative, The Safe Hometowns Guide (2002), ES-4.
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policies and proposals. The Center examines the role of firearms in America,
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