Sitting Ducks – Endnotes

  1. “Study Assesses Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant,” The Washington Post, 12 March 2002, p. A8; “Chemical Plants Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ on Ways To Avert Catastrophe,” The Washington Post, 16 December 2001, p. A1; “US chemical plants and refineries given an urgent call to improving security against potential use by terrorists,” NBC Nightly News, transcript, 15 December 2001.

  2. “Study Assesses Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant,” The Washington Post, 12 March 2002, p. A8.

  3. “Chemical Plants Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ on Ways To Avert Catastrophe,” The Washington Post, 16 December 2001, p. A1.

  4. “Chemical Plants Are Feared as Targets; Views Differ on Ways To Avert Catastrophe,” The Washington Post, 16 December 2001, p. A1.

  5. First Annual Report of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Threat, submitted to the President and the Congress on 15 December 1999, 28, reprint downloaded from http://www.rand.org/organization/nsrd/terrpanel; INTERNET.

  6. “Bhopal Disaster Spurs U.S. Industry, Legislative Action,” U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, downloaded June 19, 2001, from http://www. chemsafety.gov/lib/bhopal/01.htm; INTERNET.

  7. “US chemical plants and refineries given an urgent call to improving security against potential use by terrorists,” NBC Nightly News, transcript, 15 December 2001.

  8. “Study Assesses Risk of Attack on Chemical Plant,” The Washington Post, 12 March 2002, p. A8.

  9. Mike Taugher, “Legislators tackling risk of terror attacks on chemical storage sites,” Contra Costa Times, 8 March 2002.

  10. “Terror-proofing CPI plants: store chemicals properly, limit access to control rooms and screen employees. These are easy steps. The challenge is going beyond the obvious,”Chemical Engineering, 1 January 2002, 27.

  11. “US ACC to have new chemicals plant security plan in June,” Chemical News & Intelligence, 30 January 2002.

  12. American Chemistry Council et al., Site Security Guidelines for the U.S. Chemical Industry, October 2001, 5.

  13. U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual 90-10-1, An Infantryman’s Guide to Combat in Built-Up Areas (May 1993), Appendix J, “Countering Urban Snipers,” J-2.

  14. “Heavy Firepower for Light Infantry,” Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in files of the Violence Policy Center.

  15. In the files of the Violence Policy Center.

  16. Violence Policy Center, One Shot, One Kill: Civilian Sales of Military Sniper Rifles (Washington, DC: May 1999): 3-11.

  17. Barry Sturk, “The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition,” The Small Arms Review (March 2000): 46.

  18. “Heavy Firepower for Light Infantry,” Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in the files of the Violence Policy Center.

  19. “A tale of two fifties; 0.50-calibre sniper rifles gain popularity,” International Defense Review, 1 June 1994, 67.

  20. Promotional copy at company Internet web site, http://www.auroratactical. com/m650.htm, downloaded September 23, 2001.

  21. “Heavy Firepower for Light Infantry,” Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc. brochure advertising its Model 82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle, in files of the Violence Policy Center.

  22. U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual 90-10-1, An Infantryman’s Guide to Combat in Built-Up Areas (May 1993), Appendix J, “Countering Urban Snipers,” J-2.

  23. See, e.g., “Thefts of Weapons From Army Bases Continue at High Rate,” Cox News Service, 20 December 1997; “US Military Bases Targets of Federal Probe Into Theft of More Than $13 Million in Military Hardware, Including Tanks,” CBS Evening News, transcript, 2 October 1996.
  24. “Clandestine trade in arms: a matter of ways and means,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 May 2000; “Army in guns plea; ‘Help us catch thieves who raided armoury,'” Bristol (England) United Press, 14 April 2000.

  25. Mark V. Lonsdale, Sniper II (Mark V. Lonsdale, 1995), 58.

  26. U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2 (June 1991): Chapter 1-7(a)(3).

  27. See, e.g., Barry Sturk, “The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition,” The Small Arms Review (March 2000), 52.

  28. U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2 (June 1991): Chapter 1-7(a)(4).

  29. Barry Sturk, “The History and Development of U.S. .50 Caliber Ammunition,” The Small Arms Review (March 2000), 51.

  30. “Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP) Ammunition,” United States Marine Corps Fact File, downloaded June 29, 2001, from http://hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile. nsf/; INTERNET.

  31. “Winchester/Olin Corporation-Small Calibre Ammunition,” downloaded July 3, 2001, from “Army Technology” at http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ ammuntion/winchester; INTERNET.

  32. Mark V. Lonsdale, Sniper II (Mark V. Lonsdale, 1995), 59.

  33. “Winchester/Olin Corporation-Small Calibre Ammunition,” downloaded July 3, 2001, from “Army Technology” at http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ ammuntion/winchester; INTERNET.

  34. NAMMO Raufoss AS, “12,7 mm Ammunition Family,” downloaded June 28, 2001, from http://nammo.com/medium_calibre/12,7mm/127mm.htm; INTERNET.

  35. U.S. Marine Corps, Department of the Navy, Marine Corps Warfighting Publication 3-35.3, Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, Appendix B, “Employment and Effects of Weapons,” B-8.

  36. “Change driven by new ammunition,” International Defense Review, 1 June 1994, 71.

  37. See, e.g., “Before Attack, U.S. Expected Different Hit: Chemical, Germ Agents Focus of Preparations,” The Washington Post, 2 October 2001, p. A1.

  38. “Britons Know Price of Averting Terrorism at Home,” The Washington Post, 29 September 2001, p. A16.

  39. See, e.g., “Defense Secretary Warns of Unconventional Attacks,” The New York Times, 1 October 2001; “Al Qaeda May Have Crude Chemical, Germ Capabilities,” The Washington Post, 27 September 2001, p. A18; “Bin Laden terror group tries to acquire chemical arms,” The Washington Times, 26 September 2001, downloaded from www.washtimes.com; Bin Laden cohorts said in arms quest; Weapons of mass destruction top list,” The Washington Times, 15 September 2001, p. A7; “Terror Master Sought Chem Arms; Bin Laden Targeted G.I.s in Gulf,” Daily News (New York), 19 November 1998, p. 6.

  40. First Annual Report of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Threat, submitted to the President and the Congress on 15 December 1999, 28, reprint downloaded from http://www.rand.org/organization/nsrd/terrpanel; INTERNET.

  41. U.S. Department of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, p. 2.

  42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, LEPCs and Deliberate Releases: Addressing Terrorist Activities in the Local Emergency Plan, May 2001, 4.

  43. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, LEPCs and Deliberate Releases: Addressing Terrorist Activities in the Local Emergency Plan, May 2001, 4.

  44. U.S. Department of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 2.

  45. “Agencies Scrub Web Sites of Sensitive Chemical Data: Government Debates Safety Versus Security,” The Washington Post, 4 October 2001, p. A29.

  46. U.S. Department of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 20.

  47. U.S. Department of Justice, Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or Other Criminal Activity Associated With Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis Information on the Internet, 18 April 2000, 30.

  48. “White supremacists sentenced in plot; 3 to serve federal terms for scheme to blow up Wise County refinery,” The Dallas Morning News, 24 January 1998, p. 31A.

  49. Statement of Robert M. Burnham, Chief, Domestic Terrorism Section, on Potential Effects of Electronic Dissemination of Chemical “Worst Case Scenarios” Data, before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, 16 March 1999.

  50. “Feared to be targets, chemical plants on alert,” The Charleston Gazette, 12 September 2001, p. 1C.

  51. “Feared to be targets, chemical plants on alert,” The Charleston Gazette, 12 September 2001, p. 1C.

  52. “Trucks Carrying Dangerous Cargo Will Be Checked,” The New York Times, 27 September 2001.

  53. “Your Reputation: Is It Safe?” Material Handling Management, 1 October 2000, 11.

  54. Congressional Research Service, RL 30228: Accident Prevention Under the Clean Air Act Section 112(r): Risk Management Planning by Propane Users and Internet Access to Worst-Case Accident Scenarios, 10 June 1999, footnote 2; “Fire in the Dawn Sky; An inferno kills hundreds and devastates a teeming shantytown,” Time, 3 December 1984, 28.

  55. “Blame shifts in gas blast,” Engineering News-Record, January 10, 1985, 12; “Disaster in Mexico—Can It Happen Here?” U.S. News & World Report, 3 December 1984, 10.

  56. Prepared testimony of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.

  57. Prepared testimony of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.

  58. Prepared testimony of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.

  59. “2 Men Held in Alleged Plot to Bomb N. California Sites,” Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1999, p. A1; “Targets of Opportunity: California Terrorist Conspiracy Shows Industry’s Vulnerability,” Industrial Fire World, Nov./Dec. 1999.

  60. “2 Men Held in Alleged Plot to Bomb N. California Sites,” Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1999, p. A1.

  61. “Ecoterrorism fuels call for stiffer penalties,” Maine Sunday Telegram, 13 May 2001, p. 1A.

  62. Prepared testimony of Jim Makris, Director, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, before the U.S. House Committee on Small Business, 29 July 1999.

  63. “Bulk Plants and Bulk Storage Tanks,” Propane Emergencies Student Workbook, 6-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www.propanesafety. com; INTERNET.

  64. U.S. Department of Transportation, “Hazardous Materials: Cargo Tank Motor Vehicles in Liquefied Compressed Gas Service; Revisions and Response to Petitions for Reconsideration; Final Rule,” Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 159 (18 August 1997): 44037, 44039.

  65. “Bulk Transportation Design and Construction Features,” Propane Emergencies Student Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www. propanesafety.com; INTERNET.

  66. “Bulk Transportation Design and Construction Features,” Propane Emergencies Student Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www. propanesafety.com; INTERNET.

  67. “Bulk Transportation Design and Construction Features,” Propane Emergencies Student Workbook, 5-1, downloaded September 21, 2001, from http://www. propanesafety.com; INTERNET.

  68. “Two anarchists charged with attempted arson,” The Oregonian, 24 June 2000, p. A1.

  69. “Senators: Land, Sea Open To Attack,” AP Online, 2 October 2001.

  70. Hot Weather Stalls Repairs to Temporary I-80 Bridge,” The New York Times, 30 June 2001, p. B6; “Route 80 Crippled; 3-Truck Crash, Intense Fire Close Section of Highway,” The Record (Bergen County, NJ), 23 June 2001, p. A1.

  71. “Aged Middle Atlantic rail system rife with bottlenecks,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, 28 July 2001.

  72. “Fire in Baltimore Snarls Internet Traffic, Too,” The New York Times, 20 July 2001, p. A15.

  73. “Chemical Experts Take the Acid Test; Tunnel Spill Spurs High-Stakes Mission,” The Washington Post, 20 July 2001, p. A14.

  74. “Tanker explodes near Hart Bridge,” The Florida Times-Union, 13 August 2000, p. B1; “Gas tankers explode, shut down highway,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, 2 August 2000.

  75. “Fiery collision kills truck driver; Firefighters had to let the flames from the crash die out so that spilled ammonium nitrate would stay unaffected,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 29 June 2000, p. BM1.

  76. See, e.g., Safe Hometowns Initiative, The Safe Hometowns Guide (2002), 4-8 (noting threat from 50 caliber rifles).

  77. See, e.g., Safe Hometowns Initiative, The Safe Hometowns Guide (2002), ES-4.

 

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